First order change VS Second order change

Remarks	First order change	Second order change
Occurs	Occurs when some features of the organization change	Occurs when the organization undergoes certain fundamental changes
Nature in which it occurs	Organizational climate	Organizational culture
Change	Transactional	Transformational

Organizational climate VS Organizational culture

Organizational climate	Organizational culture
Defined as people’s perception and attitudes about the organization	Defined as values, beliefs, assumptions that are enduring, unconscious and difficult to change.
Based on psychology	Based on anthropology  and sociology
It does not deal with values & norms, it is concerned with the current   atmosphere in the organization.	Members  learn and communicate what is acceptable or unacceptable in the organization

Transactional VS Transformational leadership

Transactional	Transformational
Transactional leadership is defined as the influence of a leader toward his subordinates using reward and punishment as a form of motivational medium	A form of leadership that requires leaders to engage with followers as ‘whole’ people, rather than simply as an ‘employee’.
basic orientation is dealing with present issues	forms new expectations in followers
Works within the organizational culture	Works to change the organizational culture by implementing new ideas
Leadership is responsive	Leadership is proactive
Management-by-exception: maintain the status quo;	Promote creative and innovative ideas to solve problems

Joint Venture

In short sense, joint ventures can be defined as "an enterprise in which two or more investors share ownership and control over property rights and operation." In a broader sense, “A joint venture is formed by two or more separate organizations that creates an independent business identity and allocates ownership, operational responsibilities and financial risks and rewards to each member.”

example: DBBL, Virgin Mobile, Tata Docomo, Kellog with Wilmer company.

Strategic International Alliance

It is the cooperative agreements between potential or actual competitors. A strategic international alliance (SIA) is a business relationship established by two or more companies to cooperate out of mutual need and to share risk in achieving a common objective. SIAs are sought as a way to shore up weaknesses and increase competitive strengths. In short, a SIA can be stated as a cooperative and collaborative approach to achieve the larger goals

example: Sony Bravia, Microsoft Lumia, HP & Disney, Nestle with Coca Cola.