University of LOWA studies
The studies
conducted by KURT LEWIN gave three leadership styles:
·
The
Autocratic Style: A
leadership style where decision making power lies with Leader .He makes
decision without reference to subordinate and wishes to dominate.
·
The Democratic Style: Leadership style
where the power of decision making is decentralized that is subordinates can
share their view while making decision.
·
Free-Rein or Laissez-Faire Style: A
leadership style where leader sets the tasks and gives staff complete freedom
to complete the task as they see fit.
The Ohio state university studies
In 1950 a
research was done in Ohio state university based on questionnaires
to leaders and subordinates. From 1000 dimension only 2 dimensions was
established. They are:
·
Initiating structure: Refers to the
extent to how a leader and follower are defining their role.
·
Consideration: Refers to the extent of
relation (mutual respect, feeling) between leader & follower.
[When both
these dimensions are high, performance and satisfaction tended to be high. But
in some cases high productivity was accompanied by absenteeism and grievances]
University of Michigan studies
The Michigan
researches identified two types of leadership styles:
·
Employee oriented: Leadership style where
leaders focus on interpersonal relationship with followers.
·
Production oriented: Leadership style where
leaders focus on focus on task and technical aspects of the job.
[Both styles
led to increase in production, but it was slightly more in production oriented
style.
But
production oriented style led to decrease satisfaction and increase turnover
and absenteeism
Whereas
employee centered style increases satisfaction and decreases absenteeism]
Managerial Grid
Black and
Mouton established a theory which is known as ‘Managerial Grid’ of leadership.
They have classified the leadership on the basis of two factors:
·
Concern for people
·
Concern for production
(1,1)
Impoverished management: The leader is neither serious for people nor
for production
(1,9)
Country club management: Leader always tries to do well for
subordinates. The subordinates are very callous about the task of the
organization
(5,5)
Middle of the road management: Here
concern for people and production are balanced and can be increased.
(9,1)
Task management: Here leader always forces the subordinates to do a lot
of work. Leader is very careless for the well being of the subordinates.
(9,9)
Team management: Here the leader is both task and production oriented.
This is the best leadership style.
[Limitation: Only 5 grids chosen from 81
grids, the managerial grid doesn’t contain any explanation about how leadership
can be efficient.]
